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O significado de espírito na Bíblia: corpo, alma e fôlego

O que significa espírito na Bíblia

Na Bíblia, a palavra "espírito" traduz o hebraico ruach e o grego pneuma, que significam literalmente sopro, vento ou fôlego de vida. As Escrituras usam o termo principalmente em três sentidos: o sopro divino que concede vida biológica ao ser humano, a dimensão imaterial e profunda da pessoa (onde ocorrem a consciência e a comunhão com o Criador) e o próprio Deus — em especial a pessoa do Espírito Santo.

Diferente do corpo material, o espírito humano representa o íntimo do ser, a vida que volta a Deus quando o corpo morre:

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the surface of the deep. The Spirit of God moved over the surface of the waters.(Genesis 1:1,2)

However, there is a spirit in human beings, the breath of the Almighty, that gives them understanding.(Job 32:8)

Before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is broken; before the water jug is smashed at the spring, or the pulley is broken at the well. Then the dust returns to the earth from which it came, and the breath of life returns to God who gave it.(Ecclesiastes 12:6,7)

Just as the body is dead without the spirit, trust in God is dead if you don’t do what’s right.(James 2:26)

For God’s word is alive and effective, sharper than any twin-edged sword, so penetrating it separates life and breath, bone joints and their marrow, judging the thoughts and intentions of the mind.(Hebrews 4:12)

Don’t put your confidence in human leaders—they can’t save you.

Once they breathe no more, they go back to dust. On that very day everything they planned dies with them.(Psalms 146:3,4)

O conflito entre a carne e o espírito

No Novo Testamento, os autores bíblicos contrastam com frequência o espírito e a "carne". Enquanto "carne" descreve a natureza humana inclinada ao pecado e marcada pela fragilidade moral, o "espírito" renovado por Deus inclina a pessoa a obedecer à vontade do Criador.

No Getsêmani, Jesus apontou essa fragilidade ao advertir os apóstolos a orar e vigiar, pois a disposição interior não anula a fraqueza humana sem a dependência de Deus:

Stay awake and pray, so that you don’t fall into temptation. Yes, the spirit is willing, but the body is weak."(Matthew 26:41)

My advice is to walk by the Spirit. Don’t satisfy the desires of your sinful human nature.(Galatians 5:16)

For the desires of the sinful nature are opposed to the Spirit, and the desires of the Spirit are opposed to the sinful nature. They fight one another, so you don’t do what you want to do.(Galatians 5:17)

But the Spirit produces fruit such as love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, trust, gentleness, self-control—and there’s no law against these kinds of things!(Galatians 5:22,23)

The sinful human mind results in death, but having the mind led by the Spirit results in life and peace.(Romans 8:6)

Dear friends, since we have these promises, we should wash ourselves clean from all that makes both body and spirit dirty, aiming for complete holiness out of reverence for God.(2 Corinthians 7:1)

A habitação do Espírito Santo no crente

A teologia bíblica ensina que a vida cristã não se sustenta no esforço puramente humano. A partir da fé em Cristo, o Espírito Santo passa a habitar no interior do crente, transformando seu corpo em templo e dando testemunho de que ele foi adotado como filho de Deus:

Don’t you know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit that is within you, that you received from God? You don’t belong to yourself—a price was paid for you! So glorify God in your body!(1 Corinthians 6:19,20)

Who knows anyone’s thoughts except the actual person? In the same way no one knows God’s thoughts except the Spirit of God.(1 Corinthians 2:11)

However, if Christ is in you, even though your body is going to die because of sin, the Spirit gives you life because you’re now right with God.(Romans 8:10)

All those who are led by the Spirit of God are God’s children.(Romans 8:14)

You were not given a spirit to enslave and terrify you once more. No, what you received was the spirit that makes you children in God’s family. Now we can shout out, "God is our Father!" The Spirit himself agrees with us that we’re God’s children.(Romans 8:15,16)

Similarly the Spirit helps us in our weakness. We don’t know how to speak with God, but the Spirit himself intercedes with and through us by groans that can’t be put into words.(Romans 8:26)

asking him that out of his wealth of glory he may strengthen you in your innermost being with power through his Spirit. May Christ live in you as you trust in him, so that as you are planted deep in love,(Ephesians 3:16,17)

I pray that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the glorious Father, may give you a spirit of wisdom to see and know him as he really is.(Ephesians 1:17)

How can we know that we live in him, and that he lives in us? He’s given us the ability to love by his Spirit.(1 John 4:13)

So if you, even though you are evil, still know to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him?"(Luke 11:13)

They saw what looked like separate tongue-shaped flames that settled on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in different languages as the Spirit gave them the ability to do so.(Acts 2:3,4)

Why? Because I’m convinced that through your prayers for me, and through the help of the Spirit of Jesus Christ, this will turn out to be my salvation.(Philippians 1:19)

May the God of hope completely fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you will overflow with hope through the power of the Holy Spirit!(Romans 15:13)

Adoração em espírito e renovação da mente

Ao conversar com a mulher samaritana, Jesus afirmou que Deus é espírito. Isso significa que o relacionamento com o Criador não está preso a montanhas, ritos exteriores ou templos locais, mas exige sinceridade interior e conformidade com a verdade bíblica:

But the time is coming—and in fact it’s here already—when true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and in truth, for these are the kind of worshipers the Father wants. God is Spirit, so worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth."(John 4:23,24)

So then, what should I do? I will pray "in the Spirit," but I will pray with my mind too. I will sing "in the Spirit," but I will sing with my mind too.(1 Corinthians 14:15)

Don’t be unwilling to work hard; serve the Lord with an enthusiastic spirit.(Romans 12:11)

So all of us, with our faces unveiled, see and reflect the glory of the Lord as in a mirror. We are being transformed into the same mirror image, whose glory grows brighter and brighter. This is what the Lord the Spirit does.(2 Corinthians 3:18)

God didn’t give us a spirit that makes us fearful, but a spirit of power and love and good sense.(2 Timothy 1:7)

As promessas proféticas e o discernimento

Os profetas do Antigo Testamento anunciaram que Deus colocaria um espírito novo e retiraria o coração insensível de Seu povo. O texto sagrado também orienta o crente a exercer domínio sobre as próprias reações e a discernir as influências espirituais à luz da Palavra:

I will give them single-minded commitment and a whole new spirit. I will take away their hard-hearted attitude and replace it with one that is loving. This way they can follow my rules, keep my regulations, and do what I say. They will be my people, and I will be their God.(Ezekiel 11:19,20)

This is what the Lord God says to these bones: I will breathe into you, and you will come back to life.(Ezekiel 37:5)

The Spirit of the Lord God is on me, because the Lord has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to announce liberation to the captives, to set the prisoners free,(Isaiah 61:1)

Then he told me, "This is the Lord’s message to Zerubbabel: Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, says the Lord Almighty.(Zechariah 4:6)

Pay attention to my warnings, and I’ll pour out my deepest thoughts to you—I’ll explain what I know to you.(Proverbs 1:23)

People think that whatever they do is fine, but the Lord looks at their intentions.(Proverbs 16:2)

Pride leads to destruction; and an arrogant spirit leads to a fall.

Better to have a humble spirit and live with the poor than to share plunder with the proud.(Proverbs 16:18,19)

Better to be slow to anger than to be powerful, better to have self-control than to conquer a town.(Proverbs 16:32)

The Lord’s light shines on the conscience, revealing our deepest thoughts.(Proverbs 20:27)

Dear friends, don’t trust every spirit, but put the spirits to the test to find out whether they’re from God, for there are many false prophets out there in the world.(1 John 4:1)

It is my pleasure to share with you an account of the signs and wonders the Most High God has done for me.

His signs are incredible. His wonders are amazing! His kingdom is an eternal kingdom, and his rule will last for all generations!(Daniel 4:2,3)

A postura correta diante de Deus: humildade de espírito

A Bíblia destaca que Deus acolhe quem reconhece a própria dependência e necessidade de perdão. Quando o rei Davi se arrependeu de seus pecados graves, ele pediu não poder terreno, mas a renovação de um espírito íntegro em seu interior:

Create a pure mind in me, God, and make me trustworthy again.

Don’t expel me from your presence; don’t take away your Holy Spirit from me.

Give me back the happiness of your salvation; help me to have a willing nature.(Psalms 51:10-12)

The "sacrifices" that God wants are on the inside—the brokenness of repentance. God won’t reject a broken and sorrowful heart.(Psalms 51:17)

The Lord is close beside those who are broken-hearted; he saves those whose spirits are crushed.(Psalms 34:18)

"Blessed are those who recognize they are spiritually poor, for the kingdom of heaven is theirs.(Matthew 5:3)

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