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O significado de espírito na Bíblia: corpo, alma e fôlego

Por Bíblia Online

O que significa espírito na Bíblia

Na Bíblia, a palavra "espírito" traduz o hebraico ruach e o grego pneuma, que significam literalmente sopro, vento ou fôlego de vida. As Escrituras usam o termo principalmente em três sentidos: o sopro divino que concede vida biológica ao ser humano, a dimensão imaterial e profunda da pessoa (onde ocorrem a consciência e a comunhão com o Criador) e o próprio Deus — em especial a pessoa do Espírito Santo.

Diferente do corpo material, o espírito humano representa o íntimo do ser, a vida que volta a Deus quando o corpo morre:

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. And the earth was a formless and desolate emptiness, and darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters.(Genesis 1:1,2)

"But it is a spirit that is in mankind,

And the breath of the Almighty gives them understanding.(Job 32:8)

Remember your Creator before the silver cord is broken and the golden bowl is crushed, the pitcher by the spring is shattered and the wheel at the cistern is crushed; then the dust will return to the earth as it was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it.(Ecclesiastes 12:6,7)

For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.(James 2:26)

For the word of God is living and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword, even penetrating as far as the division of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and able to judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart.(Hebrews 4:12)

Do not trust in noblemen,

In mortal man, in whom there is no salvation.

His spirit departs, he returns to the earth;

On that very day his plans perish.(Psalm 146:3,4)

O conflito entre a carne e o espírito

No Novo Testamento, os autores bíblicos contrastam com frequência o espírito e a "carne". Enquanto "carne" descreve a natureza humana inclinada ao pecado e marcada pela fragilidade moral, o "espírito" renovado por Deus inclina a pessoa a obedecer à vontade do Criador.

No Getsêmani, Jesus apontou essa fragilidade ao advertir os apóstolos a orar e vigiar, pois a disposição interior não anula a fraqueza humana sem a dependência de Deus:

Keep watching and praying, so that you do not come into temptation; the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak."(Matthew 26:41)

But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not carry out the desire of the flesh.(Galatians 5:16)

For the desire of the flesh is against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh; for these are in opposition to one another, in order to keep you from doing whatever you want.(Galatians 5:17)

But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law.(Galatians 5:22,23)

If we live by the Spirit, let’s follow the Spirit as well.(Galatians 5:25)

For the mind set on the flesh is death, but the mind set on the Spirit is life and peace,(Romans 8:6)

Therefore, having these promises, beloved, let’s cleanse ourselves from all defilement of flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God.(2 Corinthians 7:1)

A habitação do Espírito Santo no crente

A teologia bíblica ensina que a vida cristã não se sustenta no esforço puramente humano. A partir da fé em Cristo, o Espírito Santo passa a habitar no interior do crente, transformando seu corpo em templo e dando testemunho de que ele foi adotado como filho de Deus:

Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God, and that you are not your own? For you have been bought for a price: therefore glorify God in your body.(1 Corinthians 6:19,20)

For who among people knows the thoughts of a person except the spirit of the person that is in him? So also the thoughts of God no one knows, except the Spirit of God.(1 Corinthians 2:11)

If Christ is in you, though the body is dead because of sin, yet the spirit is alive because of righteousness.(Romans 8:10)

For all who are being led by the Spirit of God, these are sons and daughters of God.(Romans 8:14)

For you have not received a spirit of slavery leading to fear again, but you have received a spirit of adoption as sons and daughters by which we cry out, "Abba! Father!" The Spirit Himself testifies with our spirit that we are children of God,(Romans 8:15,16)

Now in the same way the Spirit also helps our weakness; for we do not know what to pray for as we should, but the Spirit Himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words;(Romans 8:26)

that He would grant you, according to the riches of His glory, to be strengthened with power through His Spirit in the inner self, so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith; and that you, being rooted and grounded in love,(Ephesians 3:16,17)

that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give you a spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of Him.(Ephesians 1:17)

By this we know that we remain in Him and He in us, because He has given to us of His Spirit.(1 John 4:13)

So if you, despite being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask Him?"(Luke 11:13)

And tongues that looked like fire appeared to them, distributing themselves, and a tonguerested on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with different tongues, as the Spirit was giving them the ability to speak out.(Acts 2:3,4)

for I know that this will turn out for my deliverance through your prayers and the provision of the Spirit of Jesus Christ,(Philippians 1:19)

Now may the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, so that you will abound in hope by the power of the Holy Spirit.(Romans 15:13)

Adoração em espírito e renovação da mente

Ao conversar com a mulher samaritana, Jesus afirmou que Deus é espírito. Isso significa que o relacionamento com o Criador não está preso a montanhas, ritos exteriores ou templos locais, mas exige sinceridade interior e conformidade com a verdade bíblica:

But a time is coming, and even now has arrived, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for such people the Father seeks to beHis worshipers.God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth."(John 4:23,24)

What is the outcome then? I will pray with the spirit, but I will pray with the mind also; I will sing with the spirit, but I will sing with the mind also.(1 Corinthians 14:15)

not lagging behind in diligence, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord;(Romans 12:11)

But we all, with unveiled faces, looking as in a mirror at the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, just as from the Lord, the Spirit.(2 Corinthians 3:18)

For God has not given us a spirit of timidity, but of power and love and discipline.(2 Timothy 1:7)

As promessas proféticas e o discernimento

Os profetas do Antigo Testamento anunciaram que Deus colocaria um espírito novo e retiraria o coração insensível de Seu povo. O texto sagrado também orienta o crente a exercer domínio sobre as próprias reações e a discernir as influências espirituais à luz da Palavra:

And I will give them one heart, and put a new spirit within them. And I will remove the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh, so that they may walk in My statutes, and keep My ordinances and do them. Then they will be My people, and I shall be their God.(Ezekiel 11:19,20)

This is what the Lord God says to these bones: ‘Behold, I am going to make breath enter you so that you may come to life.(Ezekiel 37:5)

The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me,

Because the Lord anointed me

To bring good news to the humble;

He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted,

To proclaim release to captives

And freedom to prisoners;(Isaiah 61:1)

Then he said to me, "This is the word of the Lord to Zerubbabel, saying, ‘Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit,’ says the Lord of armies.(Zechariah 4:6)

"Turn to my rebuke,

Behold, I will pour out my spirit on you;

I will make my words known to you.(Proverbs 1:23)

All the ways of a person are clean in his own sight,

But the Lord examines the motives.(Proverbs 16:2)

Pride goes before destruction,

And a haughty spirit before stumbling.

It is better to be humble in spirit with the needy

Than to divide the spoils with the proud.(Proverbs 16:18,19)

One who is slow to anger is better than the mighty,

And one who rules his spirit, than one who captures a city.(Proverbs 16:32)

The spirit of a person is the lamp of the Lord,

Searching all the innermost parts of his being.(Proverbs 20:27)

Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world.(1 John 4:1)

I am pleased to declare the signs and miracles that the Most High God has done for me.

"How great are His signs

And how mighty are His miracles!

His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,

And His dominion is from generation to generation.(Daniel 4:2,3)

A postura correta diante de Deus: humildade de espírito

A Bíblia destaca que Deus acolhe quem reconhece a própria dependência e necessidade de perdão. Quando o rei Davi se arrependeu de seus pecados graves, ele pediu não poder terreno, mas a renovação de um espírito íntegro em seu interior:

Create in me a clean heart, God,

And renew a steadfast spirit within me.

Do not cast me away from Your presence,

And do not take Your Holy Spirit from me.

Restore to me the joy of Your salvation,

And sustain me with a willing spirit.(Psalm 51:10-12)

The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit;

A broken and a contrite heart, God, You will not despise.(Psalm 51:17)

The Lord is near to the brokenhearted

And saves those who are crushed in spirit.(Psalm 34:18)

"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.(Matthew 5:3)

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