Legalidades: o que a Bíblia diz sobre leis e impostos
O cristão e o cumprimento das leis civis
A Bíblia orienta o cristão a cumprir as leis do país, pagar tributos e respeitar as autoridades, pois a ordem pública foi instituída por Deus para promover a justiça e conter o mal. Essa submissão só encontra limite quando uma lei humana entra em conflito direto com a palavra de Deus — situação em que a lealdade ao Senhor vem em primeiro lugar.
Ao escrever aos cristãos que viviam sob o Império Romano, Paulo explicou que a obediência às autoridades civis não deve nascer apenas do medo de punição, mas do dever de manter a consciência limpa perante Deus:
Every person is to be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; for it is a servant of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a servant of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for the sake of conscience. For because of this you also pay taxes, for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very thing. Pay to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; respect to whom respect; honor to whom honor.(Romans 13:1-7)
Esse princípio se traduz na prática em não deixar pendências financeiras nem judiciais com o próximo, mantendo a integridade no convívio social:
Owe nothing to anyone except to love one another; for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the Law.(Romans 13:8)
Pedro reforça a mesma orientação, ensinando que o respeito às leis humanas serve de testemunho para calar acusações injustas contra os que creem:
Keep your behavior excellent among the Gentiles, so that in the thing in which they slander you as evildoers, they may because of your good deeds, as they observe them, glorify God on the day of visitation.
Submit yourselves for the Lord’s sake to every human institution, whether to a king as the one in authority, or to governors as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and the praise of those who do right.(1 Peter 2:12-14)
Impostos, processos e deveres na prática
Quando questionado sobre o pagamento de tributos a Roma, Jesus estabeleceu a distinção entre os deveres com o Estado e os deveres com o Criador:
Tell us then, what do You think? Is it permissible to pay a poll-tax to Caesar, or not?" But Jesus perceived their malice, and said, "Why are you testing Me, you hypocrites?Show Me the coin used for the poll-tax." And they brought Him a denarius. And He *said to them, "Whose image and inscription is this?"They *said to Him, "Caesar’s." Then He *said to them, "Then pay to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and to God the things that are God’s."(Matthew 22:17-21)
Em Cafarnaum, mesmo não tendo a obrigação pessoal de pagar o imposto do templo, Jesus optou por quitar a taxa para não criar escândalo desnecessário:
Now when they came to Capernaum, those who collected the two-drachma tax came to Peter and said, "Does your teacher not pay the two-drachma tax?" He *said, "Yes." And when he came into the house, Jesus spoke to him first, saying, "What do you think, Simon? From whom do the kings of the earth collect customs or poll-tax, from their sons or from strangers?"When Peter said, "From strangers," Jesus said to him, "Then the sons are exempt.However, so that we do not offend them, go to the sea and throw in a hook, and take the first fish that comes up; and when you open its mouth, you will find a stater. Take that and give it to them for you and Me."(Matthew 17:24-27)
No Sermão do Monte, Cristo ensina a resolver desavenças e litígios com prontidão, buscando o acordo antes que o problema escale para os tribunais:
Come to good terms with your accuser quickly, while you are with him on the way to court, so that your accuser will not hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and you will not be thrown into prison.Truly I say to you, you will not come out of there until you have paid up the last quadrans.(Matthew 5:25,26)
O próprio cumprimento das normas do Império fez parte da história bíblica: o decreto de recenseamento civil emitido por César Augusto levou José e Maria até Belém, onde se cumpriu a profecia do nascimento de Jesus:
Now in those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus, that a census be taken of all the inhabited earth. This was the first census taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria. And all the people were on their way to register for the census, each to his own city. Now Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the city of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David, in order to register along with Mary, who was betrothed to him, and was pregnant.(Luke 2:1-5)
E quando a fé cristã enfrentasse perseguição nos tribunais humanos, Jesus garantiu que o Espírito Santo daria a resposta certa diante de reis e governadores:
and you will even be brought before governors and kings on My account, as a testimony to them and to the Gentiles.But when they hand you over, do not worry about how or what you are to say; for what you are to say will be given you in that hour.(Matthew 10:18,19)
O limite da autoridade humana diante de Deus
O respeito às leis e aos tribunais não significa que o poder dos governantes seja absoluto. Diante de Pôncio Pilatos, Jesus deixou claro que a autoridade humana só existe porque Deus a permite:
So Pilate *said to Him, "Are you not speaking to me? Do You not know that I have authority to release You, and I have authority to crucify You?" Jesus answered him, "You would have no authority over Me at all, if it had not been given to you from above; for this reason the one who handed Me over to you has the greater sin."(John 19:10,11)
O profeta Isaías lembra que governos, nações e seus decretos são pequenos perante a grandeza e a soberania do Criador:
Behold, the nations are like a drop from a bucket,
And are regarded as a speck of dust on the scales;
Behold, He lifts up the islands like fine dust.
All the nations are as nothing before Him,
They are regarded by Him as less than nothing and meaningless.(Isaiah 40:15,17)
Nenhum obstáculo civil ou jurídico tem a palavra final contra a vontade divina quando Ele decide abrir o caminho:
for a wide door for effective service has opened to me, and there are many adversaries.(1 Corinthians 16:9)
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