Ouvir: o que a Bíblia ensina sobre a escuta

O que significa ouvir na Bíblia

Na Bíblia, ouvir significa muito mais do que registrar sons: ouvir a Deus é prestar atenção, crer e colocar a mensagem em prática. Tanto no hebraico (shama) quanto no grego (akouo), o ato de ouvir está inseparavelmente ligado à obediência.

A fé cristã nasce dessa escuta atenta. Paulo explica que a confiança em Deus não surge do nada, mas de ouvir a mensagem de Cristo proclamada:

17 Ἄρα ¦ 1 ουν [10%] ἡ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς, ἡ δὲ ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος Θεοῦ.35 A [98%] OC,RP,HF,TR,CP ¦ χριστου 𝕻46ℵB,C [2%] NU(Romans 10:17)

14 Πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσονται35 𝕻46 [98%] OC,RP,HF,TR,CP ¦ επικαλεσωνται ℵA,B [2%] NU εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν; Πῶς δὲ πιστεύσουσιν35 A [88%] OC,RP,HF,TR,CP ¦ πιστευσωσιν 𝕻46ℵB [7%] NU ¦ πιστευουσιν [5%] οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν; Πῶς δὲ ἀκούσουσιν35 [75%] OC,RP,HF,TR,CP ¦ ακουσωσιν A,B [20%] NU ¦ ακουσονται ℵ [5%] ¦ ακουσωνται 𝕻46 χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος;(Romans 10:14)

9 Ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν,35 C,D,N,W [99.5%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ --- ℵB [0.5%] NU ἀκουέτω.»(Matthew 13:9)

Ouvir e colocar em prática

Ouvir a instrução divina sem agir é considerado autoengano nas Escrituras. Jesus e Tiago insistem que a maturidade espiritual não se mede pela quantidade de ensino acumulado, mas pela disposição prática de edificar a vida sobre o que foi ouvido:

22 Γίνεσθε δὲ ποιηταὶ λόγου35 ℵA,B,C [89%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP,NU ¦ νομου [6%] ¦ λογων [4%] ¦ two other variants [1%] καὶ μὴ μόνον ἀκροαταί,35 ℵA,C (94%) RP,HF,OC,TR,CP,NU ¦ ∼ 21 B (4.4%) ECM ¦ 2 (1.2%) ¦ two other variants παραλογιζόμενοι ἑαυτούς.(James 1:22)

24 »Πᾶς οὖν ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους καὶ ποιεῖ αὐτούς, ὁμοιώσω αὐτὸν35 C,W [96%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ ομοιωθησεται ℵB [4%] NU ἀνδρὶ φρονίμῳ, ὅστις ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ35 [98%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ ∼ 312 ℵB,C,W [2%] NU ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν. 25 Καὶ κατέβη ἡ βροχὴ καὶ ἦλθον οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ ἔπνευσαν οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ προσέπεσον35 [93%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ προσεπεσαν B,C [6%] NU ¦ προσεπεσεν ℵ ¦ προσεκρουσαν W ¦ two other variants [1%] τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἐκείνῃ· καὶ οὐκ ἔπεσεν, τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν. 26 Καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀκούων μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους καὶ μὴ ποιῶν αὐτοὺς ὁμοιωθήσεται ἀνδρὶ μωρῷ, ὅστις ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ35 C [98%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ ∼ 312 ℵB,W [2%] NU ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμμον. 27 Καὶ κατέβη ἡ βροχὴ καὶ ἦλθον οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ ἔπνευσαν οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ προσέκοψαν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἐκείνῃ, καὶ ἔπεσεν· καὶ ἦν ἡ πτῶσις αὐτῆς μεγάλη.»(Matthew 7:24-27)

28 Αὐτὸς δὲ εἶπεν, «Μενοῦν γε,35 C,D [95%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵA,B,W [5%] NU μακάριοι οἱ ἀκούοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ φυλάσσοντες αὐτόν.»35 [82%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75A,B,C,D,W [18%] NU ¦ τον λογον του θεου ℵ(Luke 11:28)

9 Ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε καὶ ἠκούσατε καὶ εἴδετε35 ℵA,B [70%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP,NU ¦ ιδετε [30%] ἐν ἐμοί, ταῦτα πράσσετε, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης ἔσται μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν.(Philippians 4:9)

4 Ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν, «Γέγραπται· ‹Οὐκ ἐπ᾿ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται35 [90%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ 1 ο ℵB,C,D,W [10%] NU ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος Θεοῦ.› »(Matthew 4:4)

Como reconhecer a voz de Deus

Jesus usa a relação entre o pastor e o rebanho para ilustrar como os discípulos aprendem a discernir a sua voz. Esse reconhecimento depende de convivência constante, apego à palavra revelada e atenção à ação de Deus:

27 Τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς μου ἀκούει,35 𝕻75A,D [97%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ ακουουσιν 𝕻66ℵB,W [3%] NU κἀγὼ γινώσκω αὐτά, καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι.(John 10:27)

24 »Ἀμήν, ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ὁ τὸν λόγον μου ἀκούων καὶ πιστεύων τῷ πέμψαντί με ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον· καὶ εἰς κρίσιν οὐκ ἔρχεται ἀλλὰ μεταβέβηκεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν.

25 »Ἀμήν, ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ἔρχεται ὥρα, καὶ νῦν ἐστιν, ὅτε οἱ νεκροὶ ἀκούσονται35 A,D [98.5%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ ακουσουσιν 𝕻75B [0.5%] NU ¦ ακουσωσιν 𝕻66ℵW [1%] τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἀκούσαντες ζήσονται.35 A [98%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ ζησουσιν 𝕻66,75ℵB,D,W [2%] NU ¦ one other reading(John 5:24,25)

20 » ›Ἰδού, ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω. Ἐάν τις ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου καὶ ἀνοίξῃ τὴν θύραν, καὶ35 Ma,b,f,h¼,i⅔ ℵ,0169,CP,RP,HF,OC[NU] ¦ --- Md,e,g,h,i⅓ A,TR εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ δειπνήσω μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ.(Revelation 3:20)

5 Ὁ οὖν ἐπιχορηγῶν ὑμῖν τὸ Πνεῦμα καὶ ἐνεργῶν δυνάμεις ἐν ὑμῖν, ἐξ ἔργων νόμου, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως;—(Galatians 3:5)

A certeza de que Deus ouve a oração

A escuta bíblica é uma via de mão dupla. Deus não é indiferente às aflições humanas: Ele inclina os ouvidos para atender o clamor sincero dos que o buscam com humildade e confiança:

14 Καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ παρρησία ἣν ἔχομεν πρὸς αὐτόν· ὅτι ἐάν τι αἰτώμεθα κατὰ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ, ἀκούει ἡμῶν.(1 John 5:14)

15 Καὶ ἐὰν οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἀκούει ἡμῶν, ὃ ἐὰν35 ℵ [86%] RP,HF,CP,NU ¦ αν A,B [13%] OC,TR ¦ --- [1%] αἰτώμεθα, οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἔχομεν τὰ αἰτήματα ἃ ᾐτήκαμεν παρ᾿35 A [95%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP ¦ απ ℵB [4%] NU ¦ --- [1%] αὐτοῦ.(1 John 5:15)

Sabedoria para ouvir os outros

A Bíblia também orienta a escuta nas relações humanas diárias. Precipitar-se para falar antes de ouvir é sinal de insensatez, enquanto a paciência para acolher conselhos, correções e dialogar em momentos de conflito preserva a paz e edifica o próximo:

19 Ὥστε,35 [95%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP ¦ ιστε ℵB,C [3%] NU ¦ ιστε δε A [1%] ¦ --- [1%] (Another Alexandrian infelicity that should not be imputed to James.) ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί, ἔστω35 [97%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP ¦ 1 δε ℵB,C [2%] NU ¦ και 1 A [1%] πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι, βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν·(James 1:19)

15 »Ἐὰν δὲ ἁμάρτη35 W [25%] CP ¦ αμαρτηση ℵB,D,N [74%] RP,HF,OC,TR,NU ¦ αμαρτει [0.5%] ¦ αμαρτησει [0.5%] [2nd or 1st aorist?] εἰς σὲ35 D,N,W [99%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR[NU] ¦ --- ℵB [1%] ὁ ἀδελφός σου, ὕπαγε,35 ℵB,D [30%] NU ¦ 1 και N,W [70%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ἔλεγξον αὐτὸν μεταξὺ σοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ μόνου. Ἐάν σου ἀκούσῃ, ἐκέρδησας τὸν ἀδελφόν σου. 16 Ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀκούσῃ, παράλαβε μετὰ σοῦ ἔτι ἕνα ἢ δύο, ἵνα ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων ἢ τριῶν σταθῇ πᾶν ῥῆμα. 17 Ἐὰν δὲ παρακούσῃ αὐτῶν, εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ. Ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας παρακούσῃ, ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης.(Matthew 18:15-17)