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Morte de Jesus: o significado e os fatos da cruz

A morte de Jesus é o evento central dos Evangelhos: a crucificação de Cristo nos arredores de Jerusalém, onde Ele entregou a própria vida para reconciliar a humanidade com Deus. Na teologia bíblica, a cruz não foi um acidente político ou uma fatalidade, mas um sacrifício voluntário que pagou a dívida do pecado e abriu o caminho para a salvação.

O que aconteceu no Calvário

Os quatro Evangelhos relatam os detalhes das últimas horas de Jesus no Gólgota (palavra que significa "Lugar da Caveira"). Condenado pela autoridade romana sob pressão dos líderes religiosos locais, Cristo foi pregado na cruz entre dois criminosos. Durante as horas de agonia, Ele expressou perdão aos seus executores, assegurou salvação ao malfeitor arrependido e entregou o próprio espírito ao Pai.

Καὶ ὅτε ἀπῆλθον35 A,N,W [97.5%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ηλθον 𝕻75ℵB,C(D)Q [2.5%] NU ¦ three other variants ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον Κρανίον, ἐκεῖ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν· καὶ τοὺς κακούργους, ὃν μὲν ἐκ δεξιῶν, ὃν δὲ ἐξ ἀριστερῶν.

Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν, «Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν»·35 ℵ(A)C,N(Q) (99.2%—with a variety of minor variations) CP,HF,RP,TR,OC[[NU]] ¦ --- 𝕻75B,D,W (0.8%) διαμεριζόμενοι δὲ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ ἔβαλον ¦ εβαλλον N [9%] OC κλῆρον.35 𝕻75ℵB,C,D,Q,W [97%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ κληρους A,N [3%] NU Καὶ εἱστήκει ὁ λαὸς θεωρῶν. Ἐξεμυκτήριζον δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες σὺν αὐτοῖς35 A,N,W [97%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵB,C,Q [3%] NU ¦ D is wild λέγοντες, «Ἄλλους ἔσωσεν· σωσάτω ἑαυτόν, εἰ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός, ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκλεκτός.»35 A,N,Q [95%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ 1423 C [0.5%] ¦ ∼ 2314 B,W [1%] NU ¦ ∼ 12314 ℵ ¦ 1 υιος 2314 𝕻75 [3%] ¦ D is wild Ἐνέπαιζον35 A,N,Q [99%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ενεπαιξαν 𝕻75ℵB [0.5%] NU ¦ ενεπαιξον C,D,W δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ στρατιῶται, προσερχόμενοι καὶ35 N,Q,W [99%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵA,B,C [1%] NU ¦ τε D ὄξος προσφέροντες αὐτῷ, καὶ λέγοντες, «Εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, σῶσον σεαυτόν.»

Ἦν δὲ καὶ35 𝕻75ℵA,B,N,Q,W [75%] HF,RP,TR,OC,NU ¦ 1 η C,D [22.5%] CP ¦ η [1.5%] ¦ --- [1%] ἐπιγραφὴ γεγραμμένη ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ,35 N,W [98%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ 231 C [1.5%] ¦ 23 𝕻75ℵB [0.5%] NU ¦ επιγεγραμμενη 23 A,D,Q γράμμασιν Ἑλληνικοῖς καὶ Ῥωμαϊκοῖς καὶ Ἑβραϊκοῖς·35 A,N,Q,W [98%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ 1246 ℵD [1%] ¦ --- 𝕻75B,C [0.5%] NU ¦ several minor variations

ΟΥΤΟΣ ΕΣΤΙΝ Ὁ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΩΝ ΙΟΥΔΑΙΩΝ35 A,W [97%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ 12 ιησους 3456 N,Q [2%] ¦ ∼ 345612 D ¦ ∼ 34561 𝕻75ℵB [0.5%] NU ¦ 3456 C

Εἷς δὲ τῶν κρεμασθέντων κακούργων ἐβλασφήμει αὐτὸν λέγων, «Εἰ35 A,N,Q,W [99.5%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ουχι 𝕻75ℵB,C [0.5%] NU ¦ D has long omission σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός, σῶσον σεαυτὸν καὶ ἡμᾶς.» Ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἕτερος ἐπετίμα35 A(D)N,W [99%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ επετιμων 𝕻75ℵB,C [1%] NU ¦ one other variant αὐτῷ λέγων·35 A(D)N,W [99%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ εφη 𝕻75ℵB,C [1%] NU «Οὐδὲ φοβῇ σὺ τὸν Θεόν, ὅτι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ κρίματι εἶ; Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν δικαίως, ἄξια γὰρ ὧν ἐπράξαμεν ἀπολαμβάνομεν· οὗτος δὲ οὐδὲν ἄτοπον ἔπραξεν.» Καὶ ἔλεγεν τῷ35 A,W [99.5%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵB,C [0.3%] NU ¦ αυτω (D) Ἰησοῦ, «Μνήσθητί μου, Κύριε,35 A,W [97%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵB,C [3%] NU ¦ D is wild ὅταν ἔλθῃς ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ35 ℵA,C,W [99.5%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ εις την βασιλειαν 𝕻75B [0.3%] NU ¦ D is wild σου.» Καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς,35 A,C(D)W [99.7%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ --- 𝕻75ℵB [0.3%] NU «Ἀμὴν λέγω σοι,35 ℵA,W [99.5%] CP,HF,RP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ 21 𝕻75B,C [0.5%] NU ¦ D is wild σήμερον μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ Παραδείσῳ.»(Luke 23:33-43)

As trevas ao meio-dia e o clamor final de Jesus em aramaico revelam o peso do julgamento que Ele suportou. Ao exclamar "Está consumado", Jesus usou o termo que encerrava uma dívida quitada: a missão redentora estava completa.

Γενομένης δὲ35 A,C [96%] HF,RP,CP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ και 1 ℵB,D [4%] NU ὥρας ἕκτης, σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ᾿ ὅλην τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.35 ℵA,B,C,D,N [80%] HF,RP,CP,OC,NU ¦ εννατης [20%] TR (Also in the next verse.) Καὶ τῇ ὥρᾳ τῇ ἐνάτῃ35 A,C,N [96%] HF,RP,CP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ 31 ℵB,D [4%] NU ἐβόησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς φωνῇ μεγάλῃ, λέγων,35 A,C,N [98.5%] HF,RP,CP,TR,OC ¦ --- ℵB,D [1.5%] NU «Ἐλωΐ, Ἐλωΐ, λιμᾶ35 A [85%] HF,RP,CP,OC ¦ λειμα [10%] ¦ λεμα ℵC [1%] NU ¦ λαμμα [2%] TR ¦ λαμα B,D,N [1.5%] σαβαχθανί;» ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον, «Ὁ Θεός,35 A [45%] ¦ 12 μου ℵC,D,N [55%] HF,RP,CP,TR,OC,NU ¦ --- B ὁ Θεός μου, εἰς τί με ἐγκατέλιπες;»35 (A)C [98.5%] HF,RP,CP,TR,OC ¦ ∼ 21 (ℵ)B [1.5%] NU ¦ ∼ ωνιδισας 1 D(Mark 15:33,34)

Οἱ οὖν στρατιῶται, ὅτε ἐσταύρωσαν τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ἔλαβον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐποίησαν τέσσαρα μέρη, ἑκάστῳ στρατιώτῃ μέρος, καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα. Ἦν δὲ ὁ χιτὼν ἄρραφος,35 B [40%] CP,OC,TR,NU ¦ αραφος ℵA,N,W [60%] HF,RP ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν ὑφαντὸς δι᾿ ὅλου. Εἶπον35 A,B,N [99%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ ειπαν ℵW [0.5%] NU ¦ ειπεν [0.5%] οὖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους, «Μὴ σχίσωμεν αὐτὸν ἀλλὰ λάχωμεν περὶ αὐτοῦ, τίνος ἔσται,» ἵνα ἡ Γραφὴ πληρωθῇ ἡ λέγουσα·35 A,N,W [99.8%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR[NU] ¦ --- ℵB «Διεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτιά μου ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ἱματισμόν μου ἔβαλον κλῆρον.» Οἱ μὲν οὖν στρατιῶται ταῦτα ἐποίησαν.

Εἱστήκεισαν δὲ παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀδελφὴ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Κλωπᾶ, καὶ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή. Ἰησοῦς οὖν, ἰδὼν τὴν μητέρα, καὶ τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα ὃν ἠγάπα, λέγει τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ,35 A,N [98.5%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ --- ℵB,W [1.5%] NU «Γύναι, ἴδε35 B,N [60%] CP,HF,OC,NU ¦ ιδου ℵA,W [40%] RP,TR ὁ υἱός σου.» Εἶτα λέγει τῷ μαθητῇ, «Ἰδοὺ35 A [98%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ ιδε ℵB,N,W [2%] NU ἡ μήτηρ σου.» Καὶ ἀπ᾿ ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας ἔλαβεν ὁ μαθητὴς αὐτὴν35 𝕻66vA,B,N [90%] HF,RP,OC,NU ¦ ∼ 312 ℵW [8%] TR ¦ ∼ 312 εκεινος [2%] CP εἰς τὰ ἴδια.(John 19:23-27)

Μετὰ τοῦτο, εἰδὼς ὁ Ἰησοῦς35 ℵA,W [70%] CP,OC,TR,NU ¦ ιδως 23 N ¦ ιδων 23 [30%] HF,RP ¦ ∼ 31 B ὅτι ἤδη πάντα35 𝕻66A,B [30%] NU ¦ ∼ 21 ℵN [60%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ 2 W [10%] τετέλεσται, ἵνα τελειωθῇ ἡ Γραφή, λέγει, «Διψῶ.» Σκεῦος οὖν35 N [99%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ δε ℵ ¦ --- A,B,W [1%] NU ἔκειτο ὄξους μεστόν· οἱ δέ, πλήσαντες σπόγγον ὄξους, καὶ35 A,N [99%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ 4 ουν μεστον του (−τ. ℵ) 5 𝕻66v(ℵ)B,W [1%] NU ὑσσώπῳ περιθέντες, προσήνεγκαν αὐτοῦ τῷ στόματι. Ὅτε οὖν ἔλαβεν τὸ ὄξος ὁ Ἰησοῦς,35 A,N [99.8%] CP,HF,RP,OC,TR[NU] ¦ 2 B,W ¦ --- ℵ εἶπεν, «Τετέλεσται.» Καὶ κλίνας τὴν κεφαλήν, παρέδωκεν τὸ πνεῦμα.(John 19:28-30)

No momento exato de sua morte, o véu do templo de Jerusalém — que separava o Santo dos Santos do restante das pessoas — rasgou-se de alto a baixo. O texto bíblico indica com isso que o acesso direto à presença de Deus fora inaugurado.

Καὶ ἰδού, τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο ἀπὸ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω,35 A(D)W [98%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ 12456 ℵ [1%] ¦ ∼ απ 45612 B,C [1%] NU καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐσείσθη, καὶ αἱ πέτραι ἐσχίσθησαν, καὶ τὰ μνημεῖα ἀνεῴχθησαν. (Καὶ πολλὰ σώματα, τῶν κεκοιμημένων ἁγίων, ἠγέρθη·35 A,C,W [96%] RP,HF,OC,CP,TR ¦ ηγερθησαν ℵB,D [4%] NU καὶ ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῶν μνημείων μετὰ τὴν ἔγερσιν αὐτοῦ, εἰσῆλθον εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν καὶ ἐνεφανίσθησαν πολλοῖς.) Ὁ δὲ ἑκατόνταρχος καὶ οἱ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ τηροῦντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ἰδόντες τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τὰ γενόμενα, ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα, λέγοντες, «Ἀληθῶς Θεοῦ Υἱὸς ἦν οὗτος.»(Matthew 27:51-54)

As profecias do Antigo Testamento sobre a cruz

Os autores do Novo Testamento entenderam a morte de Cristo como o cumprimento literal de profecias hebraicas escritas centenas de anos antes. As figuras do Servo Sofredor em Isaías e as orações de aflição nos Salmos anteciparam detalhes como as zombarias, a divisão das vestes e a natureza substitutiva do sofrimento do Messias.

Por que Jesus precisou morrer?

As Escrituras explicam a cruz sob a ótica da justiça e do amor de Deus. A justiça divina exigia condenação contra o pecado; o amor supriu a própria exigência ao enviar o Filho. Na teologia paulina e joanina, Jesus é a propiciação — o sacrifício que remove a culpa e pacifica a relação entre Deus e os seres humanos.

Οὕτως35pt 𝕻63,66,75ℵA,B,W [60%] (I include this for the record, to show that the dropping of -ς before a consonant was not automatic.) γὰρ ἠγάπησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον ὥστε τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ35 𝕻63A,T (97.5%) CP,HF,RP,OC,TR ¦ --- 𝕻66,75ℵB,W (0.4%) NU ¦ long omissions (2.1%) [homoioteleuton] τὸν μονογενῆ ἔδωκεν, ἵνα πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν μὴ ἀπόληται, ἀλλ᾿ ἔχῃ ¦ εχει [30%] ζωὴν αἰώνιον.(John 3:16)

»Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός. Ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλὸς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων.(John 10:11)

Μείζονα ταύτης ἀγάπην οὐδεὶς ἔχει, ἵνα τις τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ θῇ ὑπὲρ τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ.(John 15:13)

Εἰ γάρ, ἐχθροὶ ὄντες, κατηλλάγημεν τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον, καταλλαγέντες, σωθησόμεθα ¦ σωθησωμεθα [14%] ἐν τῇ ζωῇ αὐτοῦ.(Romans 5:10)

Καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος, ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτόν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου—θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ.(Philippians 2:8)

Καί, καθ᾿ ὅσον ἀπόκειται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἅπαξ ἀποθανεῖν, μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο κρίσις, οὕτως καὶ35 𝕻46ℵA,C [95%] RP,HF,OC,CP,NU ¦ --- [5%] TR ὁ Χριστός, ἅπαξ προσενεχθεὶς εἰς τὸ πολλῶν ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας—ἐκ δευτέρου χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας ὀφθήσεται τοῖς αὐτὸν ἀπεκδεχομένοις εἰς σωτηρίαν.(Hebrews 9:27,28)

—καὶ αὐτὸς ἱλασμός ἐστιν περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν· οὐ περὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων δὲ μόνον ¦ μονων B [13%] ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ὅλου τοῦ κόσμου.(1 John 2:2)

Ἐν τούτῳ ἐγνώκαμεν τὴν ἀγάπην· ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἔθηκεν· καὶ ἡμεῖς ὀφείλομεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τὰς ψυχὰς τιθέναι.35 [92%] RP,HF,OC,TR,CP ¦ θειναι ℵA,B,C [8%] NU(1 John 3:16)

A vitória da ressurreição e a memória da igreja

A narrativa cristã não termina no túmulo. A morte de Jesus só tem eficácia porque foi seguida pela ressurreição ao terceiro dia. A vitória sobre o túmulo demonstrou que a condenação da morte foi quebrada, dando aos crentes a garantia de vida eterna e definindo a prática central da Ceia do Senhor.

»Ἄνδρες Ἰσραηλῖται, ἀκούσατε τοὺς λόγους τούτους· Ἰησοῦν τὸν Ναζωραῖον, ἄνδρα ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀποδεδειγμένον35 A [94%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ ∼ 4123 (ℵ)B(C) [6%] NU ¦ 123 δεδοκιμασμενον D εἰς ὑμᾶς δυνάμεσιν καὶ τέρασιν καὶ σημείοις, οἷς ἐποίησεν δι᾿ αὐτοῦ ὁ Θεὸς ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν, καθὼς καὶ35 [95%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ --- ℵA,B,C,D [5%] NU αὐτοὶ οἴδατε, τοῦτον—τῇ ὡρισμένῃ βουλῇ καὶ προγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔκδοτον—λαβόντες35 D (97.3%) HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ --- ℵA,B,C (2.7%) NU διὰ χειρῶν35 [95%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ χειρος ℵA,B,C,D [5%] NU ἀνόμων, προσπήξαντες, ἀνείλετε·35 [70%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ ανειλατε ℵA,B,C,D [25%] NU ¦ four other spellings [5%] ὃν ὁ Θεὸς ἀνέστησεν, λύσας τὰς ὠδῖνας τοῦ θανάτου, καθότι οὐκ ἦν δυνατὸν κρατεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ.(Acts 2:22-24)

Ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε ὅτι ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν; Συνετάφημεν οὖν αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον, ἵνα ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν.(Romans 6:3,4)

εἰδότες ὅτι Χριστός, ἐγερθεὶς ἐκ νεκρῶν, οὐκέτι ἀποθνήσκει· θάνατος αὐτοῦ οὐκέτι κυριεύει —ὃ γὰρ ἀπέθανεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀπέθανεν ἐφάπαξ· ὃ δὲ ζῇ, ζῇ τῷ Θεῷ.(Romans 6:9,10)

Ὁσάκις γὰρ ἂν35 [94%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ εαν ℵA,B,C [4%] NU ¦ --- [2%] ἐσθίητε τὸν ἄρτον τοῦτον καὶ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο35 𝕻46 [93%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ --- ℵA,B,C [7%] NU πίνητε, τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Κυρίου καταγγέλλετε ἄχρις οὗ ἂν35 [95%] HF,RP,OC,TR,CP ¦ εαν [1%] ¦ --- 𝕻46ℵA,B,C [4%] NU ἔλθῃ.(1 Corinthians 11:26)

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